{"id":9812,"date":"2019-06-01T09:26:03","date_gmt":"2019-06-01T04:56:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nejatngo.org\/en\/?p=9812"},"modified":"2021-01-21T19:27:39","modified_gmt":"2021-01-21T15:57:39","slug":"mek-the-pretext-of-us-invasion-of-iraq","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nejatngo.org\/en\/posts\/9812","title":{"rendered":"MEK the pretext of US invasion of iraq"},"content":{"rendered":"

The U.S. military\u2019s guided bombs brought \u201cshock and awe\u201d to Baghdad in 2003 when American forces invaded Iraq 16 years ago to hunt for weapons of mass destruction. They never found any. Many observers, today, consider that war a failure.
\nNow, half of all Americans believe the U.S. will go to war with Iran \u201cwithin the next few years,\u201d according to a Reuters\/Ipsos public opinion poll released in late May amid increased tensions between the two countries, longtime geopolitical foes.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The escalating Tehran-Washington crisis comes as the White House claims, without providing detail or public evidence, that Iran poses an increased threat to American forces and facilities in the Middle East \u2013 one year after Trump withdrew from an accord between Iran and world powers aimed at limiting Tehran\u2019s nuclear capabilities.
\nTrump\u2019s hawks: Bolton amps up Iran sabotage claims, desire for nuclear weapons
\nIs Iran doomed to be an Iraq redux? This is just one of the questions raised by a crisis that has eerie parallels to the missteps that led to the Iraq War in 2003, where the buildup to conflict was precipitated by faulty intelligence and confrontational foreign policymakers such as John Bolton in President George W. Bush\u2019s administration.<\/p>\n

\nTo make sense of what\u2019s happening now, here\u2019s what happened then:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Operation Desert Storm \u2013 the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War<\/strong> \u2013 came to an end 42 days after a U.S.-led offensive was launched in response to Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein\u2019s invasion of neighboring Kuwait. Iraq\u2019s dictator accused Kuwait and Saudi Arabia of conspiring to keep oil prices artificially low for western consumers. President George H.W. Bush declared a ceasefire on February 28, 1991, as Iraqi forces in Kuwait surrendered or fled back to Iraq. About 700,000 American service members were deployed to the Gulf for the short war; 383 were killed.
\nWhen President George W. Bush became president in 2001, Hussein was back on the agenda. \u201cThere were a number of people in the Department of Defense who wanted to pursue a certain policy course. I don\u2019t think they ever took their eyes off of Iraq,\u201d former CIA Director John Brennan said in a 2007 National Geographic documentary about the 2003 Iraq War. \u201cThere was still a great deal of residual feeling that we should not have stopped the first Persian Gulf War when we did, but rather continue into Baghdad and topple Saddam Hussein,\u201d ex-Senator and ex-Florida governor Bob Graham said in the same documentary.
\nAmong the figures Brennan and Graham were referring to<\/strong>: Vice President Dick Cheney, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Bolton, who had worked as a lawyer for the Bush campaign to block recount efforts in Florida that led to state officials awarding the 2000 election to Bush over Democratic candidate Al Gore.
\nBolton was a lifelong staunch conservative with hawkish views on foreign policy.<\/strong> For a start, he abhorred multilateralism. \u201cThere is no United Nations. There is an international community that occasionally can be led by the only real power left in the world, and that\u2019s the United States,\u201d he said of the international organization in 1994, adding: \u201cThe secretariat building in New York has 38 stories. If you lost 10 stories today, it wouldn\u2019t make a bit of difference.\u201d Years later, Bolton\u2019s nomination to be U.S. Ambassador to the UN was blocked because of his hardline views. He would also call for the U.S. to make pre-emptive strikes against North Korea.
\nThe Sept. 11, 2001, attacks in New York City and Washington shifted the Bush administration\u2019s focus to hunting Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan<\/strong>, where the ruling Taliban had given shelter to the al-Qaeda\u2019s leader, who masterminded the attacks. But Iraq was also on the radar of the Pentagon\u2019s military planners, who feared that Hussein might try to support or orchestrate an equally, or worse, catastrophic assault on U.S. soil \u201cWe\u2019re also working to prepare our nation for the next war,\u201d Rumsfeld said at a briefing on Afghanistan in late 2001, referring to Iraq.
\nIn January 2002, Bush branded Iraq part of an \u201caxis of evil\u201d for harboring, financing and aiding terrorists<\/strong>, and for its pursuit of nuclear weapons. Also members of the club: Iran and North Korea. These countries, Bush said, \u201care threatening the peace of the world.\u201d He cast aside more dovish voices in his cabinet who urged him to pursue a diplomatic path in Iraq, saying \u201cwe can\u2019t wait for the final proof, the smoking gun, that could come in the form of a mushroom cloud.\u201d
\nAround the same time, Bolton, then serving as undersecretary of state for arms control and international security affairs in Bush\u2019s administration<\/strong>, was becoming a key player in pushing for a military confrontation with Iraq, saying in a BBC radio debate that he was \u201cconfident\u201d that Iraq had \u201chidden\u201d weapons of mass destruction, including chemical weapons and production facilities. \u201cThe U.S. has already decided the outcome of this story \u2013 Saddam will be left with no weapons of mass destruction \u2013 but how that point is reached is up to Saddam Hussein,\u201d Bolton said in the debate in London. He was also making unverified claims about other countries he wanted included in Bush\u2019s \u201caxis of evil,\u201d testifying to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs that Cuba was secretly developing a biological weapons program that could be used in warfare against American forces and civilian targets by \u201crogue states.\u201d Bolton provided no details when questioned. A subsequent Senate investigation found no evidence supporting his assertions.
\nIn the months leading up to the Iraq War in 2003, Cheney appeared on NBC\u2019s \u201cMeet the Press\u201d with a further warning:<\/strong> \u201cThe situation, I think, that leads a lot of people to be concerned about Iraq has to do not just with their past activity of harboring terrorists, but also with Saddam Hussein\u2019s behavior over the years and with his aggressive pursuit of weapons of mass destruction.\u201d
\nDespite not being able to produce clear \u201csmoking gun\u201d evidence of Hussein\u2019s \u201chidden\u201d program<\/strong> to acquire weapons of mass destruction, Bush, buoyed by key advisors such as Bolton, opted for war with Iraq. When he was not able to get an express United Nations Security Council mandate to do so he pursued a \u201ccoalition of the willing\u201d that included Australia, Britain, Japan, Spain and others.
\nAfter the U.S. invasion of Iraq on March 20, 2003,<\/strong> Hussein spent nine months on the run before he was found hiding in an eight-foot-deep hole near his hometown of Tikrit. An Iraqi court convicted Hussein of crimes against humanity, for using deadly gas against Iraqi Kurds and other transgressions, and he was later executed by hanging. No evidence of Iraq\u2019s weapons of mass destruction was found. The war was viewed as a fiasco, not only of intelligence, but because it further destabilized the region, contributed to the formation of the Islamic State terrorist group and led to the violent deaths of more 200,000 Iraqi civilians and at least 4,500 American troops. It added more than $1 trillion to U.S. government debt. Iraq\u2019s economy, security and government remain in a fragile state.
\nIn an opinion article in The Guardian in 2013, Bolton wrote: \u201cOverthrowing Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein in 2003 achieved important American strategic objectives. Our broad international coalition accomplished its military mission with low casualties and great speed, sending an unmistakable signal of power and determination throughout the Middle East and around the world. Despite all the criticism of what happened after Saddam\u2019s defeat, these facts are indisputable.\u201d
\nMeanwhile, with the failed outcome of the 2003 Iraq War still plain to see<\/strong>, Bolton started ramping up his outspoken criticism of Iran\u2019s Islamic Republic. In 2009, as President Barack Obama\u2019s administration entered into what would turn out to be almost five years of negotiations with Iran over its nuclear program, Bolton said: \u201cUltimately, the only thing that will stop Iran from getting nuclear weapons is regime change in Tehran.\u201d As the deal entered its final stages, Bolton advocated in a New York Times opinion piece that the U.S. join forces with Israel: \u201cTime is terribly short, but a strike can still succeed. Such action should be combined with vigorous American support for Iran\u2019s opposition, aimed at regime change in Tehran,\u201d he wrote. The articled was headlined: \u201cTo Stop Iran\u2019s Bomb, Bomb Iran.\u201d<\/p>\n

Also troubling<\/strong>: The Iranian opposition group Bolton was referring to in his New York Times opinion article is the National Council of Resistance of Iran, a controversial Paris-based political organization also known as the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq, or MEK. Along with Trump\u2019s lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, Bolton is long-time supporter of the exiled opposition group and has been paid to speak at its annual rallies. The MEK is often described by observers of its activities, including by humanitarian groups and even a U.S. government research document from 2012, as displaying \u201ccultlike behavior.\u201d<\/strong> The MEK\u2019s reported abuses \u2013 vigorously denied to USA TODAY by its senior leadership who claim they result from a vicious and protracted \u201cdisinformation campaign\u201d by Iran\u2019s clerical rulers \u2013 range from torture and forced celibacy to holding members against their will, sometimes in solitary confinement.<\/strong><\/span> The MEK says its critics are often spies for the Iranian regime. Bolton\u2019s first encounters with the MEK took place in Iraq, where for a period it had aligned itself with Hussein\u2019s government, which was fighting a war with Iran.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

When Bolton joined the Trump administration as national security adviser in 2018<\/strong>, replacing seasoned former Army officer Lt. Gen. H. R. McMaster, he continued his public saber rattling and criticism of Iran by releasing a video on the 40th anniversary of the Iranian revolution via the White House\u2019s official Twitter channel. In the video, Bolton calls Iran \u201cthe central banker of international terrorism\u201d and accuses Tehran of pursuing nuclear weapons and missiles to deliver them and of \u201ctyrannizing its own people and terrorizing the world.\u201d The video ends with a direct threat to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader: \u201cI don\u2019t think you\u2019ll have many more anniversaries to enjoy,\u201d Bolton says.
\nIran\u2019s interest in nuclear technology dates to the 1950s, when it received help from a U.S.-backed program promoted by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who wanted to share U.S. nuclear expertise with other countries for peaceful purposes, such as energy production. But after Iran\u2019s 1979 Islamic Revolution and a U.S. hostage crisis at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran effectively ended relations between the two nations, U.S. intelligence agencies have long suspected, without explicit evidence, that Iran has attempted to use its civilian nuclear program as a cover for clandestine weapons development. Obama\u2019s 2015 nuclear accord was designed to prevent that and the UN\u2019s nuclear watchdog has repeatedly verified through inspections and other safeguards that Iran has been complying with the terms of the agreement, even after the U.S. withdrew from it and Washington re-imposed sanctions that have crippled Iran\u2019s economy. Bolton has regularly decried those inspections as ineffectual, believes the nuclear accord was a sham and has advocated for a far bolder Iran policy that aggressively addresses Iran\u2019s support for anti-American shia militias and Tehran\u2019s ballistic missile program.
\nMost Iran experts, political scientists and many U.S. lawmakers believe that it is this<\/strong> \u2013 Bolton\u2019s desire, like in Iraq, to confront Iran \u2013 that underpins a still-unexplained decision by the Pentagon to deploy warships, B-52 bombers and missiles to the Persian Gulf earlier this month in response to unspecified threats from Iran in the region. The U.S. also plans to send 900 additional troops to the Middle East and extend the stay of another 600 who are part of tens of thousands of others on the ground there. \u201cThe previous administration appeased the Islamic Republic of Iran. So we are pushing back. And when you push back, tension does increase,\u201d U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, another Iran hawk in the Trump administration, said in response to efforts to get clarity over the moves.
\nIn recent days, Bolton also has accused Iran of being behind a string of incidents in the Persian Gulf,<\/strong> including what officials allege was sabotage of oil tankers off the coast of the United Arab Emirates and a rocket that landed near the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, while Yemen\u2019s Iranian-aligned Houthi rebels launched a string of drone attacks targeting Saudi Arabia. Iran has mostly avoided addressing the allegations, although it has said it doesn\u2019t fear a war with the U.S. It has also signaled that its patience with the nuclear deal is wearing thin and threatened to resume uranium enrichment at levels higher than the accord permits. Speaking in Abu Dhabi, Bolton said Wednesday that there had been a previously unknown attempt to attack the Saudi oil port of Yanbu as well. \u201cWho else would you think is doing it? Somebody from Nepal?\u201d Bolton said that there was \u201cno reason\u201d for Iran to back out of the nuclear deal other than to seek atomic weapons.
\nAs for Trump\u2019s position on Iran, nobody seems to know the president\u2019s mind<\/strong>, not even, perhaps, the president. Trump has oscillated between overtly aggressive rhetoric and seemingly conciliatory statements. \u201cWe have no indication that anything\u2019s happened or will happen, but if it does, it will be met obviously with great force,\u201d Trump said last week at the White House. While on a four-day visit to Japan, Trump denied he wants regime change in Iran and said it\u2019s not the goal. Some national security experts believe that Bolton\u2019s role in pushing for war with Iran has been exaggerated, and that his influence on the president has been overstated. Still, there have been few Iran-related denials from Bolton, although just hours after the publication of this story, Bolton told a group of reporters while on a trip to London: \u201cThe policy we\u2019re pursuing is not a policy of regime change. That\u2019s the fact and everybody should understand it that way.\u201d
\nTrump says he doesn\u2019t want war: Is Bolton driving the U.S. into a conflict anyway?
\nInside Iran: America\u2019s contentious history in Iran leads to anger, weariness, worry<\/p>\n

Kim Hjelmgaard,\u00a0 USA TODAY <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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