Ashraf-3, the fortified camp of the Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) in Manzë, Albania, is a “city of exiles”: approximately 40 hectares with over a hundred buildings, isolated by high walls and checkpoints. Around 2,500 dissident refugees live there under strict internal rules, a “sect” whose members are denied a normal family life and can only conform to the association’s uncompromising line.
To understand the misfortune that has befallen Albania by welcoming these refugees expelled from Iran, let’s clarify that the MEK group originated in Iran in the 1960s as a radical student group (the so-called “Marxists with bombs”), but after the Khomeynist revolution it evolved into a dogmatic, sectarian, and anti-Iranian guerrilla fanaticism. At least 17,000 people have been confirmed dead as a result of MEK terrorist attacks (scientists, politicians, academics, and ordinary Iranians). Its members, who fought against Iran alongside Saddam Hussein in the 1980-88 Iraq-Iran War, are fanatical worshipers of Masoud Rajavi—presumably dead in 2003—and his wife, Maryam. Until recently, the organization was labeled a “foreign terrorist organization” by both the United States and Iran.
After 2003, they proclaimed their renunciation of violence to become “supporters of human rights.” In 2013, the group was granted official refuge in Albania. But what is really interesting is the group’s double standards. While the Rajavi leaders preach a life of austere and revolutionary sacrifice for ordinary members, they themselves live in unbridled luxury in Paris, where they maintain a political umbrella. (Le Canard Enchaîné showed Maryam Rajavi—the group’s self-proclaimed president—and an entourage of bodyguards renting an entire spa resort in Vichy, spending €29,000 in cash on massages, mud baths, and hydrotherapy; the year before, the Rajavis had spent the same amount on travel.) Meanwhile, in Ashraf-3, ordinary members endure a rigid militarization without telephones or news, following inflexible schedules, often sleep-deprived and ill.
For over a decade, Albania has served as a refuge for Mojahedin-e-Khalq exiles. Initially a humanitarian gesture on the Albanian side, the reception of the MEK has now become a serious security concern and is effectively beyond the control of Tirana, which is appealing to its Western allies to investigate the MEK’s crimes in Ashraf-3 by searching for evidence of cyber-attacks launched from within the camp. Hosting the MEK has turned Albania into a “front line” of Iranian hostility. In July 2022, hackers paralyzed the e-Albania portal, delaying school registrations and real estate deposits: a “cyber war” for which Albania immediately severed diplomatic relations with Tehran, accusing it of these actions.
In early 2023, Albanian state prosecutors accused MEK members of secretly conducting cyberattacks and activities against the Iranian government. Months of online surveillance pointed to a vast hidden “troll factory” in Manzë. In June 2023, Albanian authorities decided to intervene, and on June 20, 2023, the “Special Police” raided Ashraf-3 on the orders of a Special Court, armed with search warrants for espionage and cybercrime. The camp sealed its entrances, and the incursion was met with fierce resistance and dozens of injuries, although the exact toll and details are unknown. However, the police seized around a hundred workstations and dozens of laptops, tablets, and drives, saving them from the MEK’s attempted destruction. The Special Prosecutor’s Office (SPAK) formally announced an investigation into “incitement to war, unlawful interception of computer data, interference with computer systems,” and related offenses: a criminal case of unprecedented severity, built on evidence discovered at Camp Ashraf-3.
In June 2025, a hacker group openly boasted of sabotaging Tirana’s municipal websites “in retaliation” for Albania’s hosting of “terrorists.” The Iranian hacker group Homeland Justice claimed to have extracted data from the city’s servers and threatened further attacks, so much so that Albania has now formally asked its NATO and EU allies to help decrypt Ashraf-3’s computers for incriminating evidence.
This spiral of hostility was predictable. Albania knew that inviting over 2,500 MEK members onto its soil would provoke Tehran. However, under intense pressure from the United States and the United Nations, Tirana ignored these warnings. The result is that the MEK camp in Ashraf-3 is now a ticking time bomb on Albanian soil, as the group’s own anti-Iranian propaganda has turned Albania into a primary target for Iranian cyber attacks. Western and Albanian analysts now claim that the MEK is “out of Albania’s control” and that Albania has reached a “strategic dead end” in managing the MEK, which has now emerged as a self-governing terrorist enclave that threatens regional security, incubating anti-Iranian propaganda and cyber warfare operations between Iran and the West. The MEK enclave of Manzë is effectively outside Albanian jurisdiction: it has its own internal police force, leadership hierarchy, and code of conduct. With evidence of illicit activity emerging, Tirana is on high alert. Roads to the camp are blocked by checkpoints. Technology agencies and police regularly scan the network perimeter, as the MEK group could hack foreign governments. Hosting the MEK has turned Albania into a target of a hostile foreign power (Iran), far beyond what Tirana could have anticipated.
The case also highlights the double standards of Western policy toward Iran. Indeed, under the guise of promoting democracy in Iran, the European Union has repeatedly praised Tirana for hosting the MEK, removed the group from its list of terrorist organizations, and prominent Western politicians have welcomed MEK leaders with open arms. Tehran, on the other hand, has consistently condemned the MEK as “sponsored terrorism,” calling Ashraf-3 an American plot. It has incited local sentiment against the Albanian authorities, creating divisions within the Albanian public. Some Albanians see the MEK as victims of Iran, while others see it as a group preaching war within its borders.
Maria Morigi of MARX21.IT
Translated from Italian to English by Nejat Society